Why fashion is important

A few, of us were brought into the world adoring style and some simply weren't. Regardless of whether you love it or loathe it your own style and design is critical to whom you are as an individual. Why? Since it reflects you as a person; next to when you look great, you feel better! Design can change your character I mean isn't it astounding how garments can make an individual? Have you, at any point heard the expression â€Å"you are what you wear†? Truly! Truly in light of the fact that more than 20%of us rabbit this expression on an everyday inclination. Our garments reveal to us who we are in a general public and educate others concerning our characters, our needs, needs, gifts, auras and goal. It has been said by Mrs. Rosie Montage, teacher of social brain science that 98% of what we state doesn't originate from our mouth. On the off chance that along these lines, at that point garments is a quiet yet enormously ground-breaking communicator. It can disguise or conceal; it can construct or wreck a picture, it can say â€Å"I am in the same class as you†, â€Å"I have the equivalent interest†, â€Å"I am important†, â€Å"I am not important† or even â€Å"I pay attention to myself and work as well! In any case, by passing judgment on somebody dependent on their appearance causes them to feel sub-par. Why? Since you are expecting that you realize them better than they know themselves; that is only beguiling as each and every human sees the world through various eyes! Never the less appearance is all so fundamental as it is the main noticeable piece of information to people, independence, which has now gotten a mean for us people to assess others. We essentially do this by evaluating the outfit the individual is wearing the second they go into a room. The dominant part, of you appropriately believe that style is about extravagant garments, long snake skin stilettos slopes and ravishing models. Yet, to be straightforward it is an industry that gives a type of winning and future for over 25% of individuals in our general public. As we as a whole realize style is a huge industry which contributes the economy y by giving work to individuals like material specialists, originators, fabricates, retailers and models. Bar slowing down into the business is astoundingly hard because of this most laborers at the base of the hierarchal graph don't pick up as much pay throughout the years. For example we frequently observe on TV models looking sumptuous and affluent however that is a long way from reality as 5% experience the ill effects of dietary issues as they attempt to satisfy the fashioner's requests and furthermore vie for the main spot of top model! One thing that truly disturbs me about our general public today is the frightful mentality that a few people have towards the design business. You do realize that design isn't about garments, shoes, and make up and that there is a logical side to it; your appropriately considering how? Well new materials, for example, nylon, Orlon and Dacron were found by style architects. These materials are known utilized in most item preparing industry everywhere throughout the world! In spite of the fact that style creators got to the new materials first many contend that researcher would have appropriately found the source first if design didn't meddle! Style. Well what's going on here? It's a sweet evil presence somewhere inside each and every one of us which fills our lives with extraordinary hues and awesome creation! In any case, for what reason do I need you to accept its so significant, in light of the fact that it convey a message of permutes significance to our friends as well as to others we don't converse with straightforwardly; Believe it or not insights show that being sharp looking is mentally significant on the grounds that sure about our appearances prompts sure about our accomplishment throughout everyday life and in the event that your that one individual who couldn't care less about design and style, at that point your truly not living to your true abilities!

Beowulf Essay Topics - Tips For Writing Good Beowulf Essays

Beowulf Essay Topics - Tips For Writing Good Beowulf EssaysIt is important to start thinking about what good Beowulf essay topics are. It is difficult to write a well-researched essay and you can't expect to succeed if you don't know where to begin. Here are some tips for you to help you when looking for Beowulf essay topics.Beowulf is a popular book which is set in the time of King Hrothgar's time. The story is told from Hrothgar's point of view and the events seem pretty realistic. The book was written in the 13th century and the events that happen in the book would have been completely incomprehensible.To find out more about the book you can read through the online dictionary or the glossary. You can also check the online historical archives to find out more about the time. There are plenty of other resources that can help you learn more about the book as you progress through the book.People from primary schools and secondary schools will often take up subjects like this and write essays based on them. These essays can help them with their exam or other lessons and they are usually very good at it. You will also need to be familiar with the main characters of the book before writing your own version of the story.If you want to write a very detailed Beowulf essay, you can check out the history and study guides. Some are very advanced and can give you a list of places that have the different characters in them. You will also need to be aware of copyright restrictions and that the author has not changed the story.In order to get a good idea of what Beowulf essay topics are, you should look at the study guides and start researching on what you can write about. The easiest place to do this is to search on Google for Beowulf for beginners, which gives you a lot of free resources to check out. You can also get some information online but be warned that there are plenty of sites that charge you to research on the information that you will get from these sites.If you want to write an essay that will stand out and make people look for more information on the topic you need to have a good Beowulf essay topic. You don't want to be just throwing in facts and rehashing the story so that it is easier to understand. You should choose what you want to write on and try to make the points that you want to make so that the reader will understand it.When you look for ideas for your Beowulf essay, you can also check out some of the internet resources that will offer you some free advice on how to research on the subject. This can be very useful to get an idea of how to handle the material as you write. In the end, it is important to stick to a good idea so that the essay is well researched and it makes sense.

Mind and Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psyche and Body - Essay Example Aristotle was a mastermind who was progressively keen on supernatural ideas, while Plato's idea was increasingly founded on solid standards of the common world. While Aristotle depicted the degrees of the real world, Plato concentrated on subjects, for example, how one could be a highminded, and subsequently great, individual. Pascal was a mathematician, so he clearly centered in this way substantially more around physical reality and concrete and experimental standards. He says, Yet in the instinctive psyche the standards are found in like manner use and are before the eyes of everyone (Pascal, 1660, p. 1). At the point when one is alert, what does one do This thought awareness isn't represented, or the ingenuity of memory, is significant as one tries to discover what underlies the center of these two creators. Descartes no doubt utilized progressively backhanded methods for philosophizing. In the mean time, Pascal would have been purposely immediate and pending, as a mathematician who drew on his insight into the sciences so as to determine his decisions. The contrasts among Descartes and Pascal are tremendous, for the most part since Pascal was first and preeminent in quite a while heart a researcher. Descartes was at his center, in any case, a scholar a philosopher of the highest caliber. ThisThis isn't to state that Pascal couldn't have been a profound scholar also, but instead, he considered things profoundly in a scientifically legitimate and formal manner. Descartes was the kind of rationalist who could cause obscure reflections to appear as if they were solid standards. Pascal was increasingly purposeful in his expectations. He searched out to characterize ideas in solid terms, didn't submit to extract or ambiguous references, and was an empiricist in that sense. Descartes and Pascal contrasted about how they saw the brain and the body. While Descartes felt that the psyche was independent from the body, Pascal unquestionably would have contended that the brain was a piece of the physical body. Clearly, there are acceptable contentions for and against these two totally different perspectives. Most importantly, Cartesian dualism would contend that the psyche and body are totally and absolutely independent. This is on the grounds that knowledge originates from a spot which can't be characterized. One can't isolate the human mind and essentially keep it to the body, Descartes would have said. One's knowledge is absolutely isolated

Faith Versus Facts - Free Essay Example

Science and religion: two of the most fundamentally contrasting notions, yet both attempt to explain and how we choose to live. Whether the discussion be about the ongoing debate about how the universe began or the unceasing chatter about Darwins Evolution, it is no wonder these themes seem embroiled in an endless state of war. However, King delves into them head-on, developing and presenting characters to the reader that are simultaneously fascinating and horrifying, but most of all, thought-provoking. Interestingly, many people of different religions and stages of scientific expertise see absolutely no contradiction. Many will merely acknowledge that the two utterly different foundations deal with dissimilar realms of human experience. Science investigates the natural, explainable world, whereas religion examines the spiritual and supernatural. In the novelCarrie, written by Stephen King, I found these concepts not only fascinating when juxtaposed, but also working in harmony to balance one another. Carrie, raised in an immensely religious household, possesses a rare scientific ability: telekinesis. As said in The Observer, I found this religious hindrance to be peerless imagination (1). The layers of depth that this central conflict contributes to the novel, provides a more realistic quality to its message. Although faith and fact may appear entirely opposing, King conveys that some amalgamation of both are necessary for personal and societal stability. Margaret, Carries mother, believes in the all of the notions of Christianity except for the aspect of community; not only does this lead to Carries instability, but also Margarets perpetual state of atonement. I find Christianity to revolve around the idea of communal integration; whether it be in Church or during prayer, there is always a feature of togetherness. However, Margret keeps all of religion to herself and Carrie: Momma held worship on Sundays, Tuesdays, and Fridays. These were called Holy Days. Momma was the minister, Carrie the congregation (61). By definition, a congregation is a group of people assembled for worship. I felt that solely having Carrie White embody the entirety of a congregation is a great offense towards the Christian faith. Furthermore, I feel as if this image plays into the power dynamic among Carrie and her Mother â€Å" Margaret stands while Carrie sits, Margaret prays while Carrie listens. Moreover, I believe Margaret distances herself from civiliz ation not only because she truly feels people are incompetent, but because they come from sin: ?the raven was called Sin, and the first Sin was Intercourse (63). Therefore, following Margarets logic, if intercourse is sin, then all people must be innately sinful. I find this to build off of the concept of original sin â€Å" a Christian belief in which humanity is inherently rebellious. Stemming from consuming fruit from the forbidden tree, original sin ranges from insignificant tendencies to something more drastic like collective guilt. In a sense, I feel Margaret believes she is living in a constant state of ultimate atonement â€Å" atoning for her own sins and everyone elses. However, I think the only way Margaret feels she can truly atone is by praying to her own god and not the communitys: The door slammed and the key turned. She was alone with Mommas angry God (67). When I first read this quote, I found it absurd for someone, especially Margaret, to have their own god. But on second thought, the idea is fairly common. Throughout the last 50 years or so, there has been a great emphasis put on the idea of a personal relationship with J esus. Likewise, our understanding of Christianity, of God, and of ourselves is significantly molded by an individualistic worldview motivated by the notions of me and my. Evidently, Margaret White boarders on insane. But the line that separates her irrationality from her Christian beliefs is so indistinct that it can be nearly impossible to tell the difference. Thus, I believe Margarets life has no space for joy, hope, or even happiness since every inch is clouded by doom.

Letter From My Family From The Philippines Essay - 1092 Words

Maurice Tio CIB00002t8 Assessment 3: Individual Report I am writing a letter to my family back home in the Philippines. In this letter, I will be sharing the experiences and the trials that I encountered in completing this course of Facilitating Training and development. Most people say that you need to change in order to survive in this ever changing world. A world that never stops changing but what do we need to change in a world that is already perfect for us? Is change good or bad for us? Knowing what to change and how to change it is a great factor in life (Collins, 1995). A lot of questions that needs to be answered. Answers that from my perspective is a good way of explaining my point of view. Change is doing something small at first that can affect you in the future the biggest (Project for Public Spaces, 2012). Change may not be seen in that sense at first but by doing that change constantly, you will notice that it had made the biggest difference. For me, change is there for me to be challenged, to be tested, and to show me that I need to improve each and every day to have that competitive edge. I do not usually like to talk in front of the whole class but it was a requirement in my first assessment to talk about someone who motivated me. There are a lot of ways in presenting yourself like dressing the part, knowing your topic well, have a little comic in your presentation, knowing what to use as a prop, keeping mind of the time and knowing the audienceShow MoreRelatedPersonal Response on the On the Rainy River1309 Words   |  6 PagesCanada is freedom: freedom from the draft letter that pressures him to go to war, freedom from the war that he never understood and always hated, freedom from the dirt, tent, and mosquitoes, freedom from that dense greasy pig-stink and blood clots in the slaughterhouse, freedom from his country, and freedom from his conscience†¦ or is it? 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The Deterrence Of Death Penalty - 1160 Words

The Deterrence of Death Penalty in Texas Almost a month ago, I accidently came across the Stanford Prison Experiment documentary, which is available to view on Youtube. The document based on real event in Stanford University. It is an experiment to study psychology of imprisonment on prisoners and guards by dividing selected Stanford students into two groups. As the time passed, the researchers have discovered some drastically changes in both groups within days. At the end, Dr. Philip Zimbardo, one of the researchers concluded that, â€Å"these students were physically and psychologically suffered, and nobody have right or privilege to do that to other people.† The document have raised many questions in my head. Does the death penalty†¦show more content†¦According to Texasattorneygeneral.gov, when a person is charged with capital murder, the trial is placed in county jail, then the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is intentionally and kn owingly caused the death of another person, and the act clearly present the danger to other human lives. In Texas, the defendants could offer any argument or mitigating evidence that they consider relevant. The conclusion of a trial was a series of questions, to be answered by the jury. Depending on the answers given by the jury to these questions, the defendant automatically receive a sentence of either life in a prison or death penalty. After the trial in district court is completed, the defendant is designated to an appeal, which takes place in the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. At this point, the judges can reverse or order a new trial if there are some errors during the trial in district court. The side that loses can request for a rehearing, or the defendant can appeal to U.S. Supreme court for a writ of certiorari. If the writ of certiorari is denied, or the defendant does not request the writ, then the conviction is final. The next additional appeal is habeas corpus review . The defendant can argue issue that were not raised before in the trial. In a rare case, the court may reverse the trial if there are serious errors. After this process is finished, a state district judge can set an execution date

Avail Assignment Samples on Data Communication Network

Task1 :Explain with the aid of diagrams the TCP/IP Protocol Architecture. Discuss the function of the protocols within each layer.Evaluate the application of TCP/IP to internet based applications. TCP/IP architecture model was initially designed as DARPA model by the US government agency by that name. There were four layers in the DARPA model. Those were, application layer, transport layer, Internet layer and network interface layer. Each of those layer used to correspond to one or more layers in the OSI model with seven layers. In the TCP/IP protocol architecture, there are four layers or sets of protocols, similar to the DARPA model. TCP/IP protocol architecture works as protocol stack. Each layer of TCP/IP protocol stack, has its own set of functionalities and provides a set of services to the next layer. The descriptions of these layers are, (Blank, TCP/IP Foundations, 2006) Network Interface layer Network interface layer or network access layer is the lowest layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack. It places TCP/IP packets on the network and receives the same from the network. TCP/IP protocol stack is independent of different network access methods, medium, frame formats etc. Thus it supports different types of networks, different types of LAN technologies like token ring, Ethernet etc., different types of WAN technologies like frame relay, X.25 etc. This layer is independent from different network technologies. It gives the TCP/IP protocol stack the ability to adapt any new networking technology, for example, ATM or Asynchronous Transfers Mode networks. (Blank, TCP/IP JumpStart, 2006) Internet Layer Internet layer sits on the top of network interface layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Internet layer is responsible for packaging, addressing and routing of packets. There are some core protocols in this later. These protocols are important for internetworking. The protocols are IP or Internet Protocol, ARP or Address Resolution Protocol, ICMP or Internet Control Message Protocol, IGMP or Internet group management protocol. Each of these protocols performs different types of responsibilities and collectively all these are the responsibilities of internet layer. (Comer, 2006) Internet protocol is responsible for routing packets. Thus functions like routing, IP addressing, packet fragmentation and reassembly are provided by this layer. Address resolution protocol provides services like IP to MAC address translation etc. The main function is to provide address resolution services to the network layer. Internet control message protocol provides different types of diagnosis and error handling services that may occur from erroneous packet delivery. Internet group management protocol manages groups of IP multi-casting. Transport Layer Transport layer provided host to host service on the top of internet layer. It consumes services from the internet layer and provide service to the application layer that is on the top of it. Mainly it provides services related to transmission of data packets successfully over the internet. There are two protocols in this layer. Those are TCP or Transmission Control Protocol and UDP or User Datagram Protocol. (Alani, 2014) Transmission Control Protocol is responsible for providing a connection- oriented, one to one and reliable communication service. It arranges the sequences of packets, acknowledges the packet transmissions, and provides recovery of packets lost during transmission. On the other hand, user datagram protocol is a connectionless, one to many (may be one to one), unreliable service for communication over the internet. Generally, UDP is used to transfer smaller amount of data or data where security or data loss is not a big issue. TCP provides secure and better service than UDP, but there is some additional overhead of TCP services, when some application does not want to have these overhead and still want to have a data transmission, then it selects UDP instead of TCP. (Blank, TCP/IP JumpStart, 2006) Application Layer Application layer is the topmost layer on the TCP/IP protocol stack. It directly interacts with the applications on a computer or system. It provides abilities to the applications to consume services from other layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack. Application layer has a bunch of protocol and new protocols evolve frequently. (Reynders Wright, 2003) Some of the widely used application layer protocols and the services provided by those protocols are, HTTP or HyperText Transfer Protocol, has the responsibility of exchanging user information through developing web pages for World Wide Web. FTP or File Transfer Protocol is responsible for transferring file between two hosts. SMTP or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is responsible for transferring mails and attachments. Telnet is responsible for emulation or terminal. It let a user log in to some remote network host. DNS or Domain name service helps in resolving the IP address and host names. RIP or Routing Information Protocol helps in routing and exchanging routing information across an IP network SNMP or Simple Network Management Protocol helps in managing different networking devices and manages the same. It helps in collecting and exchanging management information for devices like bridges, routers, intelligent hubs etc. Some examples of application layer interfaces for TCP/ IP protocol stacks may be NetBIOS, Windows Sockets etc. In Windows operating system environment, Windows Socket helps in having a standard API. NetBIOS helps in managing sessions, name resolutions, datagram related protocol services. The illustration of TCP/ IP protocol stacks along will different sets of protocols for each of the layers, has been given as, There are different types of networks used for different organizations, the networks differ in structures, services, interfaces, technologies. Connecting all these networks to have an interconnected network or Internet required some uniformity and platform independent protocols. OSI model was built to abstract the diverse nature of the network. OSI model provides enough abstractions to hide the complexities of networking and internetworking and gives enough scope to the programmer to build specific programs to each layer. Then programs from different layers of OSI model then work with one another. There were several flaws in OSI model. There were no details about the protocols or how to implement the functions of each layer. On the contrary, TCP/IP model gives details about the protocols from each layer. A programmer can implement those protocols from different layers and the job is done. (Held, 2002) OSI model has total 7 layers. Those layers are categorized into two category of layers as given in the following picture. The layers in the OSI model as, Application layer. Presentation layer, Session layer. Transport layer, Network layer, Data Link layer, Physical layer. First three layers belong to the application layer category and rest of the layers belong to the data flow category. On the other hand, there are four layers on the TCP/IP model. Those are application layer, transport layer, internet layer, and network access interface layer. These four layers covers the seven layers of OSI mode. The layers on the TCP/IP model are again divided into two categories. Application and transport layers are categorized as protocols layers and rest two belongs to networks layers. The comparison between OSI model and TCP/IP model are summarized as,(Alani, 2014) Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model TCP /IP Model This is more focused on architectural aspects of a network model and provides an idealistic view. It is more focused on the implementation aspects and provides some realistic view. OSI model is developed by a horizontal approach. It is developed based on a horizontal approach. The basic assertion behind the OSI model is that operation of distributed applications is laid upon a strict hierarchy of layers and standardisation. The basic assertion of TCP/IP model is that any application is composed of a set of functions over an end to end distributed communication service. There is a pool of application service elements or ASEs a distributed application selects an element from such pool and performs functions that is specific to the end to end service. Abstraction is the fundamental characteristic here. Every application assumes that services from lower layer will be available at any point of time. The session layer controls the sessions, presentation layer controls the representation of data etc. and the application layer communicated with the application on the host system. In OSI model, all these are different layers. Some examples of functions of OSI application layer are, VT, FTAM ,MHS, CMIP, DS etc. In the TCP/IP model, application, session and transport layers of the OSI model have been clubbed into application layer of TCP/IP model. Some example of protocols from application layer of TCP/IP model are, FTP. HTTP, DNS. Telnet etc. (Alani, 2014) The transport layer of OSI is responsible to deliver information from source system to destination system. The transport layer communicates from source to destination, performs flow control, error checking etc. The network layer provides connection oriented and connectionless services. The internet layer on the TCP/IP provides only connectionless service. Data link layer prepares the streaming of data, handles flow control, error control. Whereas data is transmitted through the physical media as a raw bit stream. The later part is handled by physical layer. Here data transmission is handled by network access layer only. Services provided by data link and physical layers in the OSI model are provided by the network access layer in the TCP/IP model. While implementation of the OSI model, the emphasis is on reliability of data transfer. The reliability is handled as an individual cases of end to end delivery. Detection and handling of errors is performed in each layer using checksums. Detection and handling of errors is done by the transport layer only. OSI model is most of the time a theory based description of an ideal network model, whereas TCP/IP model is a model that is being used in practice for long time. Task 2 :1 Explain the principles of IP addressing based on IPv4 and discuss the key practical issues in implementing IP addressing within public and private networks.2 With the aid of a network diagram explain how IP addresses are assigned to a network.3 With the help of a network monitoring tool (Wireshark), analyses the IP traffic. IPv4 or Internet Protocol version 4 is a widespread and currently used internet addressing scheme. A network connects different types of devices as hosts. An internet is an interconnection of different types of networks across the globe. It is necessary to uniquely address each of the host connected to the internet. For that purpose internet address or IP addresses are used. There are different schemes of IP addressing. IPv4 is a 32 bit IP addressing scheme. With 32 bits, possibly there will be 232 unique IP addresses. IPv4 addressing uses a class-full addressing. Implementation of IP addresses in private and public networks has some challenges. One is, there is scarcity of addresses that can serve need of the networks and devices. Thus, there are two types of addressing used in private and public network. The addressing scheme used within a private network is not visible from the public network. Masquerading, NAT etc. are used to implement it. However, it increases overhead on routers. (Comer, 2006) On the other hand, there are two types of IP addresses, static and dynamic. ISPs use a pool of available IP addresses, when some client logs on to their network and request some IP address, then the ISP allocates one IP address from the address pool. The IP address is valid for that client for that session only. When the client logs off, the address will be de-allocated and will go back to the address pool. This scheme is known as dynamic IP address. Where the IP address is not tied to some device. The same client may get different IP address when it logs in again. And the same IP address may be allocated to other client next time. On the other hand, there are other types of IP addresses that are tied to a particular device. These are called static IP addresses. (Held, 2002) NAT or Network Address Translation is used to bridge the gap between private and public network. A NAT table is kept on the router. There may be at least two attribute for each entry of the NAT table, the IP addresses of a device in the private network and the IP address of the destination of the packet. The router checks the NAT table, replaces the source address as the public address of the network and forwards the packet to the destination. When it receives some packet from the Internet or other network, then it checks the NAT table again and forwards the packet to the destination. For public networks, there is no existence of the private network, they communicate with the public IP address of the network. There are RIR or Regional Internet Registry that are organizations for handling registration and allocation of IP addresses in different parts of the world. There are 5 RIRs currently for different regions of the world. Following picture illustrates the RIRs and operating domains. Each of the RIR has 16 millions of IP addresses to allocate. In IPv4 scheme, the whole address space is divided into 5 categories those are, Class Address Range of first Octet Network and Host octets Class A 1 to 126 N.H.H.H Class B 128 to 191 N.N.H.H Class C 192 to 223 N.N.N.H. Class D NA Reserved for Multi casting Class E NA Reserved for Research and Future use. There are several disadvantages of IPv4 addressing scheme. The blocks dont have equal number of networks or hosts. For example, there is huge numer of hosts possible for a Class A IP address but in reality no class A IP address contains that many hosts. On the other hand very few hosts are possible for a Class C IP address. So, there is a mismatch between the requirement and availability. Here comes the major disadvantage of IPv4 addressing schemes. There are unused IP addresses but those cant be allocated. The available IP addresses are depleting and has failed to cater the requirement of growth of internet. (Reynders Wright, 2003) As a result IPv6 has been developed. Task 3: local business TCS Ltd. is considering implementing IPv6 Protocol throughout the organization.Present a report for the Operational Director highlighting and discussing the key issues in migrating from IPv4 to IPv6 addressing.The report should Discuss the benefits and drawbacks in such migration. Explain and evaluate the alternative transition mechanisms Analyze and evaluate the improvement in quality of service (QoS) and security. Introduction The aim of this report is to discuss and highlight the key issues in implementation of IPv6 protocol for the organization TCS Ltd. In the rest of the parts of the report the discussion will focus on different aspects of implementing IPv6 in the organization, the benefits and drawback of the implementation, explanation and evaluation of other alternative transition mechanisms, analysis and evaluation of possible improvement in QoS or Quality of Service and security. IPv6 IPv6 or Internet Protocol version 6 is the latest and updated version of the communication protocol IP in the TCP/IP model. It helps in identification and location of a host system in the internet uniquely and routing traffic from source to destination on the Internet. IPv6 has been developed by IETF or Internet Engineering Task Force. One of the major issue with IPv4 is rapid depletion of the available IP addresses and poor distribution of the same. To deal with this problem IPv6 has come into the picture. It is slowly replacing IPv4. IPv6 is a 128 bit addressing protocol and holds almost 2128 unique addresses into its address space. IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4. Thus one is needed to be replace by other. There are various transition mechanisms from going to IPv6 from IPv4. (Hagen, 2014) A 128 bits IPv6 address is broken down into 8 groups of four hexadecimal digits in each group. Each of the group is separated by a colon. There are compression methods available to shrink or expand representation of an address. Benefits and Drawbacks of Implementation of IPv6 One of the major benefits of IPv6 is the larger address space and classless distribution of addresses. The address allocation methods of IPv6 facilitates route aggregation and limits extensions of routing table. It support multicasting in a simpler and extended way. There are several optimizations for delivery of services. It enhances mobility, configuration and security of the devices. So, other benefits of IPv6 for an organization are, (Johnson, Perkins, Arkko, 2004) It provides better and more effective routing. The routing tables are reduced in sizes. A hierarchical approach in management of routing table can be taken. The ISPs can aggregate their networks into a single prefix. Fragmentation is done by the source in the IPv6 network, the routers are not responsible for it. Thus overall overhead from routing is reduced and routing has become more efficient. Processing of packets in IPv6 networks is better and simpler. Thus more efficient. There is no calculation of packet level checksum and no calculation of checksum at every hop. The link layer protocols and technologies handles this part. Ipv6 supports multicasting. It allows packet flows that are bandwidth intensive, to more than one destination at the same time. Thus the network bandwidth is saved. The hosts that are not bound to process broadcast packets. There is a additional data field in the IPv6 header, called Flow Label. This data field helps in identifying data packets belonging to the same data flow. Configuration of a network for the organization will be automated if it is built on Ipv6. The prefix of all local links to a router will be advertised. A host will be able to generate its own IP address. The MAC address of the host will be appended to the prefix sent by the router. Then it will be converted into some 64 bit EUI or Extended Universal Identifier format. The prefix is another 64 bit, thus the whole address will be 128 bit. There is no need to use NAT or Network Address Translation anymore. At the IP layer, the end to end connectivity will be provides. New services can be added. The peer to peer networks are easily manageable. VoIP, QoS etc. will be more effective. Security is another issue in any type of networks. IPv6 supports IPSec and provides CIA principles of confidentiality, integrity and authentication. ICMP packets for IPv6 are backed up with more security implementations of IPSec and the risks of malware attacks through these packets has been reduced. Apart from the benefits there are few drawbacks of IPv6. Those are, Still IPv6 is not widely accepted and those are not interoperable with IPv4. There is lack of smooth transition schemes to transit from IPv4 to IPv6. Alternative Transition mechanisms Some alternative transition mechanisms to transit to IPv6 from IPv4 are, Host to host Encapsulation In this method, the encapsulation is done at the source and the destination encapsulates it. A private IPv4 network without any information about the IPv6 protocol, is used to transfer the datagrams from the source to the destination. In the following picture, the illustration has been shown, including two hosts with dual IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. These stacks are used for encapsulations. IPv6 datagrams are sent as IPv4 packets. On the destination end, the hosts are updated to IPv6 protocol and will be able to de-capsulate the packets. (John J. Amoss, 2007) This transition mechanism does not require to change the existing IPv4 network, rather it use encapsulation to transit to the IPv6 network. Tunneling from router to router In this mechanism, a tunneling method connecting routers of the organization will be used along with the encapsulation schemes. On the originating host, the edge router will be placed. Another edge router on the destination host will be responsible for the de-capsulation. (Raicu Zeadally, 2003) There will be a tunnel between the edge routers at two ends. Again there will be two protocol stacks of IPv4/ IPv6 at two ends. These stacks will be supported by the hosts at both ends. Again, the source will encapsulate the packets, that will flow through the tunnel and the destination will de-capsulate the packets. Following picture illustrates the idea. The dual stacks at the both ends are needed to be supported by the edge routers. QoS and Security IPv6 provides better QoS and Security compared to the same in IPv4. IPv6 protocol helps in identifying payload that are time sensitive or not. A network can have two types of these packets. It helps in reducing the time in retransmission. IPv6 helps in setting priorities for data transmissions that provide low latency. Applications can select from the priority list as per requirement. A source of significant delay in packet transmission is fragmentation of packets. In IPv6 fragmentation is handled in different way. There is a negotiation between the source and the destination devices about the maximum size of the payload and other parameters are adjusted accordingly. It reduces latency and fragmentation significantly thus helps in better utilization of the network resources. There is QoS implementations on each of the networking device. On the other hand, security of IPv6 protocol is more stringent than the same in the IPv4 protocol. IPSec is an important part of the security mechanisms in IPv6. End to end security is ensured in IPv6. (Li, Jinmei, Shima, 2010) Conclusion In this report IPv6 and different aspects of IPv6 implementation have been discussed. There is a brief description of IPv6 along with discussion on benefits and drawbacks of IPv6, transition mechanisms, QoS and security etc. have been also discussed. Task 4: TCS Ltd. is also considering the provisioning of voice over IP (VoIP) and mobile IP (MIP) for its employees. It is anticipated this will both reduce operational costs and increase network efficiency.Make a business case for such implementation. The Business Case should Explain the underlying concepts of VoIP and MIP. Analyze and evaluate mobile IP networks, particularly examining routing and security issues. Analyze and evaluate the VoIP and MIP in the Enterprise networks. Introduction The aim of this report is to provide information of VoIP and MIP as requested by the TCS Ltd. The organization wants to implement these protocols and technologies for their employees. The organization wants to focus on the reduction of operational cost and modifying efficiency of network. VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP or Voice over IP is a technology that helps a group of people to deliver voice and multimedia based communication over IP based networks like Internet. It is also called IP telephony. It supports services like voice communication, SMS, fax etc. over the Internet unlike traditional telephony system, it does not use circuit switching. Rather internet telephony or VoIP uses packet switching networks and packetization of data. An example of VoIP is Skype. (Porter, 2006) There are underlying technologies like session control, signaling control, setting up the call, tearing down the call etc. There are special medial delivery protocols to encode audio, video etc. as digital and streaming data. VoIP can be used by computers, laptops, smart phones etc. SMS service is available over WiFi or 3G connections. (Goode, 2002) Quality of Service or QoS of VoIP has several issues. VoIP is implemented over the Ip networks. IP networks are best effort networks and there may be loss of data, untimely deliver, latency related problem etc. VoIP will use time sensitive communication data. There is no provision of identifying and handling time sensitive data. Network traffic is handled by a first come first serve basis. There is no way to control fixed delays etc. The end points of a VoIP communication path may have to wait for the completion of the transmission of packets from one end to other, then one end will be able to send more data. Security is another consideration of VoIP. There are risks of DoS attacks, stealing of information, eavesdropping etc. There are other technical consideration related to security. For example, VoIP traffic also passes through the firewalls, NATs etc. so, there are chances that communication may get blocked. Encryption is always not supported by VoIP. (Wallingford, 2005) Some of the security measurements and protocols available for the VoIP are, SRTP or Secure Real time Transport Protocol. Also there are implementation of IPSec for the point to point communications. Mobile Internet Protocol MIP or Mobile IP is based on the idea of mobile computing and mobility of devices in a network. It helps a mobile device to keep its IP address same while moving around networks. A mobile node is allowed to have two types of address a care of address and a home address. The care of address changes whenever it moves to some other network, on the other hand the home address is remained same. Thus the computing activities based on the IP addresses are not hampered even there is a change in the network. (Raab, 2007) There are several security and QoS considerations. Most of the times mobile nodes use wireless connectivity options. These links are highly susceptible to vulnerabilities and information security risks. The risks may be active replay attacks, eavesdropping etc. These vulnerabilities cannot be eliminated. But use of encryption etc. can help. Tunneling used in MIP has some serious vulnerability. Thus authentication is always needed here. It also used ARP in case of tunneling. But it is hard to implement authentication for ARP. Thus, there will be some inherent vulnerability. (James, 2008) Conclusion In this report VoIP and MIP has been discussed. There is discussion on what are VoIP, MIP along with security, QoS issues and how enterprise networks are using those. References Ahmed, A., Madani, H., Siddiqui, T. (2010). VoIP Performance Management and Optimization. Cisco Press. Ahson, S. A., Ilyas, M. (2008). VoIP Handbook. CRC Press. Alani, M. M. (2014). Guide to OSI and TCP/IP Models. Springer. Blank, A. G. (2006). TCP/IP Foundations. 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